Α. Αλιγιζάκη, The Protection of Human Rights in the Multi-Level European Legal System, 2026
The present study focuses on three fields of rights that function as barometers: freedom of expression (Article 10 ECHR, Article 11 CFR), freedom of religion (Article 9 ECHR, Articles 10 and 21 CFR), and the right to liberty and security (Article 5 ECHR). Their selection is not arbitrary. The first is tested daily by digital disinformation and new forms of censorship. The second comes into conflict with demands of secularism and the rights of minority groups. The third faces challenges from administrative detention, counter-terrorism legislation, and digital surveillance.
All three are situated within a broader question that runs through the entire study – a question that, although it may appear to concern the architecture of systems, in reality touches on the everyday experience of the citizen: why do two European systems that entrench the same rights offer different protection to the same citizen?
The selection of these three rights is neither coincidental nor merely thematic. Each of them represents a different type of asymmetry, and their joint analysis allows the phenomenon to be illuminated from multiple angles, without confining it to a single dimension.
The focus on these three rights, therefore, does not exhaust the field of asymmetry, but covers it in a manner that highlights the variety of problems, namely external and internal asymmetry, asymmetry between preventive and repressive regulation, and asymmetry according to the geographical scope of application.
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